Physiology

                                     PHYSIOLOGY

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The course outline is as follows : 

BASIC AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY 

1. Functional organization of human body 

2. Homeostasis 

3. Control systems in the body 

4. Cell membrane and its functions 

5. Cell organelles and their functions 

6. Genes --their control and function 

Blood 

1. Composition and general functions of blood 

2. Plasma proteins their production and function 

3. Erythropoiesis and red blood cell function 

4. Structure, function, production and different types of haemoglobin 

5. Iron absorption storage and metabolism 

6. Blood indices 

7. Function, production and type of white blood cells 

8. Function and production of platelets 

9. Clotting mechanism of blood 

10. Blood groups and their role in blood transfusion 

11. Complications of blood transfusion with reference to ABO & RH incompatibility 

12. Components of reticuloendothelial system their gross and microscopic structure 

including (tonsil, lymph node and spleen) 

13. Development and function of reticuloendothelial system 

Clinical Module 

1. Anemia and its different types 

2. Blood indices in various disorders 

3. Clotting disorders (Haemophilia etc.) 

4. Blood grouping and cross matching 

5. Immunity 

Nerve and Muscle 

1. Structure and function of neuron 

2. Physiological properties of nerve fibers 

3. Physiology of action potential 

4. Conduction of nerve impulse 

5. Nerve degeneration and regeneration 

6. Synapses 

7. Physiological structure of muscle 

8. Skeletal muscle contraction 

9. Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle contraction

10. Neuromuscular junction and transmission 

11. Excitation contraction coupling 

12. Structure and function of motor unit 

Clinical Module 

1. Perform nerve conduction studies and explain their clinical importance 

2. Myopathies and neuropathies 

3. Peripheral nerve injuries 

Cardiovascular System

1. Heart and circulation 

2. Function of cardiac muscle

3. Cardiac pacemaker and cardiac muscle contraction 

4. Cardiac cycle 

5. ECG, its recording and interpretation 

6. Common arrhythmias and its mechanism of development 

7. Types of blood vessels and their function

8. Hemodynamics of blood flow (local control systemic circulation its regulation 

and control) 

9. Peripheral resistance its regulation and effect on circulation 

10. Arterial pulse 

11. Blood pressure and its regulation 

12. Cardiac output and its control 

13. Heart sounds and murmurs

14. Importance, circulation, and control of venous returnon 

15. Coronary circulation 

16. Splanchnic, pulmonary and cerebral circulation

17. Triple response and cutaneous circulation 

18. Foetal circulation and circulatory changes at birth 

Clinical Module 

1. Clinical significance of cardiac cycle, correlation of ECG and heart sounds to 

cardiac cycle 

2. Clinical significance of cardiac cycle, interpretation of ischemia and arrhythmias

3. Effects of hypertension 

4. Clinical significance of heart sounds

5. Effects of ischemia 

6. Shock 

Respiratory System

1. Function of respiratory tract 

2. Respiratory and non-respiratory function of the lungs 

3. Mechanics of breathing 

4. Production & function of surfactant and compliance of lungs

5. Protective reflexes 

6. Lung volumes and capacities including dead space 

7. Diffusion of gases across the alveolar membrane 

8. Relationship between ventilation and perfusion 

9. Mechanism of transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood 

10. Nervous and chemical regulation of respiration 

11. Abnormal breathing 

12. Hypoxia, its causes and effects 

13. Cyanosis, its causes and effects

Clinical Module

1. Clinical importance of lung function tests 

2. Causes of abnormal ventilation and perfusion 

3. Effects on pneumothoax, pleural effusion, and pneumonia 

4. Respiratory failure 

5. Artificial respiration and uses & effects of O2 therapy 

6. Clinical significance of hypoxia, cyanosis, and dyspnoea

Skin and Body Temperature Regulation 

* PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICALS

 Haematology 

1. Use of the microscope 

2. Determination of haemoglobin 

3. Determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate 

4. Determining packed cell volume 

5. Measuring bleeding and clotting time 

6. RBC count 

7. Red cell indices 

8. WBC count 

9. Leucocyte count 

10. Prothrombin and thrombin time 

Respiratory System 

1. Pulmonary volume, their capacities and clinical interpretation 

Cardiovascular System 

1. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (to be coordinated with the department of medicine)

2. Examination of arterial pulse 

3. ECG recording and interpretation 

4. Arterial blood pressure 

5. Effects of exercise and posture on blood pressure 

6. Apex beat and normal heart sounds